{"record":{"aliases":["Paul Alexander von Krüdener","Paul Ludwig von Krüdener","Pavel Alekseyevich Kridener","Павел Алексеевич Криденер"],"appointmentIds":["russia-d0108afceb04ea"],"appointmentsDataset":"https://chanceries.org/diplomats.json","archivalSources":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://chanceries.org/diplopedia/people/paul-von-krudener-bf236cf1e6/","countrySlug":"russia","entityId":"https://chanceries.org/diplopedia/people/paul-von-krudener-bf236cf1e6/#person","eventIds":[],"expandedParagraphs":["Paul von Krüdener (1784–1858) was the son of a Russian diplomat and the religious writer Barbara Juliane von Krüdener. He studied law and diplomatic history at Leipzig and entered the Russian legation in Berlin in 1802. Service in Paris followed. During the Napoleonic wars he was detained in France and confined at Auxonne in 1813, escaping later that year.","As Russia’s representative in Switzerland, Krüdener carried Alexander I’s invitation to join the Holy Alliance to Zürich in July 1816. When Swiss officials questioned the implications, he assured them that membership would not diminish their neutrality or authorize interference in their internal affairs. The Swiss accession, delivered in January 1817, expressly reserved independence and neutrality.","He arrived in Washington in 1827. One concrete issue was neutral shipping during Russia’s war with the Ottoman Empire. On 29 July 1828, President John Quincy Adams recorded receiving Krüdener’s communication of Russian instructions for its Mediterranean fleet. Adams questioned whether the Anglo-Russian agreements underlying those instructions still applied and wanted stronger protection for neutral commerce. Krüdener also requested a private presidential audience.","Krüdener’s American posting lasted until 1837, with extended absences in Europe. In St. Petersburg he acted as an intermediary in the commercial discussions with the United States. He then returned to Switzerland as minister and remained there until his death in Bern in 1858. His long connection with the country also included his marriage to Margarethe König and a household established during his earlier Swiss service."],"id":"russia:paul von krudener","identifiers":{},"legacyPersonIds":[],"legacyUrl":"https://chanceries.org/diplomat-bf236cf1e6bced20e84c.html","name":"Paul von Krüdener","notes":[],"paragraphSources":[["krudener-career","krudener-authority"],["krudener-hls"],["krudener-diary","krudener-career"],["krudener-career"]],"profileUrl":"diplomat-bf236cf1e6bced20e84c.html","relatedEvents":[],"relatedPeople":[],"relationships":[],"researchStatus":"reviewed","reviewedOn":"2026-10-28","revision":"7ff216f805d7dd7a","sources":[{"accessedOn":"2026-10-28","date":"","id":"krudener-career","locator":"Full biographical entry; Berlin, Paris, Washington and Bern service","publisher":"Russian Diplomats biographical reference","title":"Павел Алексеевич Криденер","type":"reference","url":"https://rusdiplomats.narod.ru/kridener-pa.html"},{"accessedOn":"2026-10-28","date":"","id":"krudener-authority","locator":"Life dates and name variants, GND 117550353","publisher":"Deutsche Biographie","title":"Krüdener, Paul von","type":"reference","url":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117550353.html"},{"accessedOn":"2026-10-28","date":"","id":"krudener-hls","locator":"Paragraphs on the July 1816 invitation, Swiss reservations and January 1817 accession","publisher":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","title":"Michele Luminati, Heilige Allianz","type":"scholarship","url":"https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/017226/2011-03-09/"},{"accessedOn":"2026-10-28","date":"","id":"krudener-diary","locator":"Entry 29 July 1828, discussion of Krudener’s note and neutral navigation","publisher":"Massachusetts Historical Society, Primary Source Cooperative","title":"John Quincy Adams diary, 29 July 1828","type":"primary-record","url":"https://www.primarysourcecoop.org/publications/jqa/document/jqadiaries-v36-1828-07-p017--entry29"},{"accessedOn":"","date":"Accessed 26 October 2026","id":"mission-105ffd42f06d6369d6e0","locator":"Eyewitness credentials date and ministerial rank; preferred over a secondary roster’s 20 December date.","publisher":"","title":"Massachusetts Historical Society — Adams diary, 22 December 1827","type":"Mission record","url":"https://www.primarysourcecoop.org/publications/jqa/document/jqadiaries-v37-1827-12-p353--entry22"},{"accessedOn":"","date":"Accessed 26 October 2026","id":"mission-439479fac2d87ef405fb","locator":"Secondary chronology used only for the 1837 transfer year. Exact credentials are taken from Adams’s contemporary diary; no exact end day inferred.","publisher":"","title":"Paul von Krüdener — biographical chronology","type":"Mission record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Kr%C3%BCdener"}],"topics":["Holy Alliance","Swiss neutrality","neutral shipping","Russo-Turkish War","commercial diplomacy"]},"schemaVersion":1}