{"record":{"aliases":[],"appointmentIds":["peru-640c6fd0857236","peru-abb210cefbad9a"],"appointmentsDataset":"https://chanceries.org/diplomats.json","archivalSources":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://chanceries.org/diplopedia/people/francisco-tudela-y-varela-8de880e880/","countrySlug":"peru","entityId":"https://chanceries.org/diplopedia/people/francisco-tudela-y-varela-8de880e880/#person","eventIds":[],"expandedParagraphs":["Francisco Tudela y Varela (1876–1962) was a lawyer and Civil Party politician whose career moved between Parliament, the cabinet, and diplomacy. Born in Paris, he studied at Guadalupe and San Marcos, writing theses on nationality, compulsory voting, and American international law. He served in the legation in Colombia, became secretary to Presidents Manuel Candamo and José Pardo, taught administrative and diplomatic law, and represented Pallasca in the Chamber of Deputies, which he presided over in 1915.","As prime minister and foreign minister in 1917–1918, Tudela handled the dispute over Germany’s sinking of the Peruvian vessel Lorthon. He demanded redress and guarantees for Peruvian shipping and defended the proposed break in relations before Congress in October 1917. His Washington mission followed. In January 1919 he asked whether Peru, which had broken relations with Germany without declaring war, could participate in the Paris Peace Conference and whether it should send delegates immediately. The American reply encouraged Peru to send representatives but could not promise admission.","Tudela left the mission after Leguía’s July 1919 coup and spent the ensuing period in Europe. In the 1930s he returned to senior diplomatic service, leading Peru’s delegation to the London economic conference and representing it at the League of Nations. He also headed the Peruvian delegation in the boundary negotiations with Ecuador in Washington during 1936–1938, then served in Spain.","Back in Peru, he advised the Foreign Ministry and chaired the Central Reserve Bank from 1945 to 1948. His publications extended from his early legal theses to studies of arbitration, Peru’s boundary disputes, monetary problems, and the postwar economy. He died in Lima in November 1962."],"id":"peru:francisco tudela y varela","identifiers":{},"legacyPersonIds":[],"legacyUrl":"https://chanceries.org/diplomat-8de880e8806a67d560f8.html","name":"Francisco Tudela y Varela","notes":[{"sourceIds":["mission-7c6732d6b6a8cca83a5b"],"text":"The U.S. protocol register describes Tudela’s 1919 ambassadorial designation as apparently never received by the President."}],"paragraphSources":[["tudela-congress"],["tudela-congress","tudela-paris"],["tudela-congress","tudela-reference"],["tudela-reference","tudela-congress"]],"profileUrl":"diplomat-8de880e8806a67d560f8.html","relatedEvents":[],"relatedPeople":[],"relationships":[],"researchStatus":"reviewed","reviewedOn":"2026-10-28","revision":"9b7e45df878655e1","sources":[{"accessedOn":"2026-10-28","date":"","id":"tudela-congress","locator":"Official biography, pp. 1–8; downloaded from the www3 Congress host","publisher":"Museo del Congreso y de la Inquisición","title":"Fernando Ayllón Dulanto, Francisco Tudela y Varela","type":"official-biography","url":"https://www3.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/participacion/museo/congreso/files/files/francisco_tudela_a.pdf"},{"accessedOn":"2026-10-28","date":"1919-01-07","id":"tudela-paris","locator":"Paris Peace Conference, vol. I, document 249","publisher":"U.S. Department of State, FRUS","title":"The Acting Secretary of State to the Peruvian Minister, Tudela","type":"primary-record","url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv01/d249"},{"accessedOn":"2026-10-28","date":"","id":"tudela-reference","locator":"Biografía and Publicaciones","publisher":"Wikipedia, citing Tauro del Pino and Basadre","title":"Francisco Tudela y Varela","type":"reference","url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Tudela_y_Varela"},{"accessedOn":"","date":"","id":"mission-7c6732d6b6a8cca83a5b","locator":"Indexed full text retrieved. Records Ramos as chargé ad interim on 28 February 1975 and Arce’s appointment on 19 March; Rivero as chargé ad interim on 26 December 1982 and Pastor’s appointment on 3 June 1983. These bound the interim-event notes; appointment is not treated as a verified handover day. Also confirms Berckemeyer’s ambassador role. Direct archive opens returned technical difficulties.","publisher":"","title":"Diplomatic Representation for the Republic of Peru","type":"Mission record","url":"https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/cpr/rls/94363.htm"},{"accessedOn":"","date":"","id":"mission-3072854a462aeac182f2","locator":"","publisher":"","title":"Francisco Tudela y Varela — mission record (1919)","type":"Mission record","url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919v01/papers"}],"topics":["International law","First World War","Paris Peace Conference","Peru–Ecuador boundary","Central banking"]},"schemaVersion":1}